Curriculum Vitae
Aaron S. Erlich
|
Associate Professor Department of Political Science McGill University 855 Sherbrooke Street West Montréal, QC, H3A 2T7 Canada |
Office: McTavish 24-3 Voice: +1 (514)-398-4756 E-mail: aaron.erlich@mcgill.ca Web: www.aaronerlich.com |
Academic Appointments
- Associate Professor, 2023–
- Assistant Professor, 2016–2023 (Paternity Leave: Autumn 2020, Autumn 2022)
Affiliations
- Member, Centre for the Study of Democratic Citizenship (CSDC), 2017–
- Member, Centre on Population Dynamics — McGill, 2019–
- Faculty Research Affiliate, Center for Social Media and Politics (CsMaP), NYU, 2023–
- Member, Centre for Social and Cultural Data Science (CSCDS), 2016–2020
- Visiting Professor, Université de Montréal, 2024–25
Education
- Ph.D., Political Science, 2016
- Political Methodology Certificate, Center for Statistics and the Social Sciences, 2012
- M.A., Political Science, 2012
- M.A., European Studies, with distinction, 2006
- Certificate in Refugee and Humanitarian Emergencies, 2006
- B.A., cum laude, Government, 2002
Peer-Reviewed Publications
- “Studying Global Diasporas via Social Media-Driven Sampling: Practical Considerations.” Accepted. International Journal of Social Research Methodology
- “Who should vote? Membership and Claims to Expatriate Political Participation in the Nigerian Diaspora.” Accepted. Comparative Migration Studies
- “Can norm-based information campaigns reduce corruption?.” 2026. American Journal of Political Science 70(2) 471–490.
- “What corruption is most harmful? Unbundling citizen perceptions.” 2025. World Development 194 107001.
- “Selective Bribery: When Do Citizens Engage in Corruption?.” 2025. Comparative Political Studies 58(5) 996–1036.
- “Urban disorder in democratic transitions: Ukraine’s municipal policing debates in comparative perspective.” 2025. Policing and Society 35(4) 448–464.
- “Elder, Am I Right? Age-Group Differences in Social and Political Interactions in Africa.” 2025. International Journal of Public Opinion Research 37(2) edaf003.
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“Accountability in Time: Evolution and Expertise in Participatory Institutions.” 2025. World Politics 77(3) 468–514.
- Winner: Best Paper on Political Institutions from the 2021 LASA Congress
- Honourable Mention: Best Paper in the social sciences, LASA Mexico section
- “Two implications of survey research mode during war: evidence from Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine.” 2025. Post-Soviet Affairs 41(6) 573–592.
- “How Language Shapes Belief in Misinformation: A Study Among Multilinguals in Ukraine.” 2025. Journal of Experimental Political Science 1–15.
- “Using Communications Technology to Promote Democratic Participation: Experimental Evidence from South Africa.” 2024. Economic Development and Cultural Change 72(3) 1425–1463.
- “Covering the Campaign: Computational Tools for Measuring Differences in Candidate and Party News Coverage With Application to an Emerging Democracy.” 2024. Social Science Computer Review 42(6) 1313–1337.
- “Promises and Limits of Using Targeted Social Media Advertising to Sample Global Migrant Populations: Nigerians at Home and Abroad.” 2024. Sociological Methods & Research nd(nd)
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“Is pro-Kremlin Disinformation Effective? Evidence from Ukraine.” 2023. The International Journal of Press/Politics 28(1) 5–28.
- Media coverage: Grid/TheMessenger, Canadaland
- “Discriminatory Immigration Bans Elicit Anti-Americanism in Targeted Communities: Evidence from Nigerian Expatriates.” 2023. Journal of Experimental Political Science 10(1) 76–87.
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“Does Analytic Thinking Insulate Against Pro-Kremlin Disinformation? Evidence From Ukraine.” Political Psychology n/a(n/a)
- Media coverage: Press Release, Oxford Demtech
- Top 10 Most Cited: International Society of Political Psychology (ISPP)
- “Explaining women’s political underrepresentation in democracies with high levels of corruption.” 2023. Political Science Research and Methods 11(4) 804–822.
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“Weaponizing post-election court challenges: Assessing losers’ motivations.” 2023. Electoral Studies 86 102676.
- Media coverage: Independent (Uganda)
- “Measuring Human Rights Abuse from Access to Information Requests.” 2022. Journal of Conflict Resolution 66(2) 357–384.
- “Multi-Label Prediction for Political Text-as-Data.” 2022. Political Analysis 30(4) 463–480.
- “The Political Logic of Government Disclosure: Evidence from Information Requests in Mexico.” 2021. The Journal of Politics 83(1) 229–245.
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“Unveiling: An Unexpected Mid-campaign Court Ruling’s Consequences and the Limits of Following the Leader.” 2021. The Journal of Politics 83(3) 1024–1029.
- Media coverage: Maclean’s, Journal de Montréal
- “Subgroup Differences in Implicit Associations and Explicit Attitudes during Wartime.” 2021. International Studies Quarterly 65(2) 528–541.
- “Media Attention and Bureaucratic Responsiveness.” 2021. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 31(4) 687–703.
- “Can information campaigns impact preferences toward vote selling? Theory and evidence from Kenya.” 2020. International Political Science Review 41(3) 419–435.
- “Interpersonal incomparability in citizens’ views of democracy: survey evidence from Ukraine.” 2020. Journal of Elections, Public Opinion and Parties 30(2) 139–160.
- “The Double-Edged Sword of Mobilizing Citizens Via Mobile Phone in Developing Countries.” 2018. Development Engineering 3 34–46.
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“The Effects of Authoritarian Iconography An Experimental Test.” 2016. Comparative Political Studies 49(13) 1704–1738.
- Media coverage: Marginal Revolution, Washington Post: The Monkey Cage, PsyPost
- “‘The local mwananchi has lost trust’: design, transition and legitimacy in Kenyan election management.” 2016. The Journal of Modern African Studies 54(04) 671–702.
- “Competing for Transparency: Political Competition and Institutional Reform in Mexican States.” 2015. American Political Science Review 109(01) 110–128.
- “Aligning Rights and Interests: Why, When and How to Uphold Labor Standards.” 2012. World Bank Development Report Background Paper
Under Review / To Resubmit
- “A ‘mega study’ of approaches for sharing accurate news in the face of government repression.” (with Julia Minson, Jordan Gans-Morse, and Christopher Higgins) Under Review
- “War Fatigue?.” (with Rafael Campos-Gottardo) Under Review
- “Border proximity and preferences for conflict resolution in Eastern Ukraine.” (with Calvin Garner and Matej Jungwirth) Under Review
- “The underpinnings of demand for EU integration: Evidence from Montenegro.” (with David Dubé) Under Review
- “Misclassified: Security Concerns and Misleading Bureaucratic Responsiveness.” (with Daniel Berliner, James Korman, and Brian Palmer-Rubin)
Editor-Reviewed Publications
- “Lessons from Results-Blind Review.” 2018. The Political Economist 14(1) 10–13.
- “Pre-acceptance as a method to combat publication bias in area studies: a pilot in the Caucasus.” 2018. Caucasus Survey 6(3) 224–229.
- “Development Traps and Escaping Development Traps: What Can We Learn from Freedom of Information Laws?.” 2016. The International Trade Journal 30(5) 378–382.
- “Implausible incarceration data need to be addressed.” 2013. The Lancet Global Health 1(6) e334-e335.
- “Opinion survey opportunities and exit poll limitations.” 2009. Georgia – presidential and parliamentary elections 2008: Lessons learned 256–291.
- “Tajikistan: From Refugee Sender to Labor Exporter.” 2006. Migration Information Source
Book Reviews
- “Book Review: I Say to You: Ethnic Politics and the Kalenjin in Kenya.” 2012. Comparative Political Studies 45(12) 1691–1695.
Blogs and Popular Press
- “Critical Thinking Protects Ukrainians from the Kremlin’s Disinformation War | Society for Personality and Social Psychology.” 2022. Character and Context
- “Big data y acceso a la información en México.” 2022.
- “Surveys show Ukrainians don’t want ‘Kalashnikov society’.” 2022. Kyiv Independent
- “Roots of the Resistance: Understanding National Identity in Ukraine.” 2022. War on the Rocks
- “¿A quién le sirve la transparencia en México?.” 2021. Nexos
- “Conservative Party slowly learning real cost of promoting culturally divisive policies.” 2021. The Hill Times
- “Vote buying is a big problem in Kenya. How to curb it before the 2022 elections.” 2021. The Conversation
- “Trump’s impeachment isn’t over for Ukraine’s citizens.” Washington Post
- “Is Russia’s wartime propaganda more powerful than family bonds?.” 2020. Washington Post
- “Get credible! … Or a modest proposal to implement pre-registration in think tank research.” 2017. On Think Tanks
Published Working Papers
- “What Corruption is Most Harmful? Unbundling Citizen Perceptions.” 2025. IPR Working Paper Series
- “Can Norm-Based Information Campaigns Reduce Corruption?.” 2023. IPR Working Paper Series
- “Measuring How Information Changes Electoral Uncertainty in a Developing Democracy: Experimental Evidence from the Country of Georgia.” 2023.
- “Selective Bribery: When Do Citizens Engage in Corruption?.” 2022. IPR Working Paper Series
- “Elder, you’re right! Age-group differences in social and political interactions in Africa.” 2021.
Manuscripts in Preparation
- “Face-to-face: Average Dosage Response Functions for Measuring Survey Response Pattern Variation.”
- “Civic Engagement in Rebuilding Ukraine: Observational and Experimental Evidence.”
On Hold
- “Machine Learning Kenyan Elections.”
- “Eliciting a Risk Aversion Distribution.”
- “How do politicians think about their competitiveness?.”
- “Petitioning Elections.”
Grants & Scholarships
Software
mapcan: A variety of functions that make it easy to plot standard choropleth Canadian maps as well as choropleth alternatives in ggplot2. (with Andrew McCormack)
Professional Evaluations and Reports
- Corruption Perceptions in Armenia: Implications for Anti-Corruption Messaging (with Jordan Gans-Morse, Arne Holverscheid, Simeon Nichter). USAID Armenia Integrity Project.
- Workplace, Labor Rights and Outcomes (with Margaret Levi, Dan Berliner, Jennifer Noveck). World Bank, 2012.
- Final Evaluation of OSI’s Central Eurasia Project’s Labor Migration Program. OSI: New York, 2011.
- Challenges Facing Effective Governance in Georgia, 2010.
- Voices of Migrants from Georgia (with Kristina Vacharadze, Giorgi Babunashvili). Danish Refugee Council, Tbilisi, Georgia, 2009.
- Labor Migration in Armenia: A Sociological Survey of Six Communities (with Anush Dulgaryan, Andrew Golda). USAID, Yerevan, Armenia, 2009.
Testimony
Disinformation and cyber operations in the context of Russia’s war against Ukraine. Standing Senate Committee on National Security, Defence, and Veterans Affairs, Senate of Canada (2024-04-15).
Recent Presentations
Recent Presentations
★ denotes invited talk
- ★ “How Language Shapes Belief in Misinformation: A Study Among Multilinguals in Ukraine.” Disinformation, Propaganda, and Russia’s War on Ukraine, Institute of European, Russian, and Eurasian Studies, Carleton University, October 10, 2025.
- “Debates over Civilian Handgun Ownership in Wartime Ukraine.” Danlyiw Seminar, University of Ottawa, September 25, 2025.
- “How do citizens view ESG?.” Annual Meetings of the American Political Science Association, Vancouver, September 11, 2025.
- “War Fatigue?.” Association for the Study of Nationalities, New York, May 22, 2025.
- “Citizen Perspectives of Corruption Harms: Evidence from Armenia.” Association for the Study of Nationalities, New York, May 16, 2024.
- ★ “Georgia’s Euromaidan? Making Sense of Mass Protests in Georgia.” Roundtable talk, Association for the Study of Nationalities, New York, May 16, 2024.
- “Police Decentralization in Ukraine since 2014 and Collaborative Democracy.” Danlyiw Seminar, University of Ottawa, September 29, 2023.
- ★ “Promises and Limits of Using Targeted Social Media Advertising to Sample Global Migrant Populations.” Democracy under Threat: How Education can Save it (DEMED), University of Glasgow, April 19, 2023.
- ★ “Volunteering Under Invasion: Descriptive and Experimental Evidence on Civilian Mobilization.” U.S. Dept of State, January 20, 2023.
- ★ “Pro-Kremlin Propaganda’s Failure in Ukraine: Evidence and Lessons Learned.” PONARS, George Washington University; follow-up CEPA Roundtable, January 19, 2023.
- ★ “Ukrainians’ Attitudes towards Pro-Kremlin Disinformation.” DRUMS, S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies, Nanyang Technological University, March 23, 2022.
- ★ “Russia’s Attack on Ukraine: An Expert Roundtable.” Jean Monnet Network ‘Between the EU and Russia’ (BEAR), Montreal, March 9, 2022.
- “Weaponizing Election Petitions.” Annual Meeting of the Southern Political Science Association, San Juan PR, January 9-11, 2022.
- “Russian Disinformation in Ukraine.” Annual Meeting of the Southern Political Science Association, San Juan PR, January 9-11, 2022.
- “Media Attention and Bureaucratic Responsiveness.” MPSA Chicago; TextXD Berkeley; SPSA San Juan PR, 2019.
- “What Can we Learn From Election Petitions? An Analysis of Kenya’s 2013 Election-related Court Cases.” APSA Annual Convention, Boston, August 30 - September 2, 2018.
- ★ “Ethnic Rivalry or Citizen Solidarity?.” Temple University Comparative Politics Colloquium; University of Toronto CERES, 2018-2019.
- “Covering the Campaign: The 2014 South African Presidential Election.” APSA Annual Convention, San Francisco, September 1-4, 2017.
- “Evaluating Women Candidates in a Corrupt Environment with Low Levels of Women’s Representation.” MPSA Annual Convention, Chicago; CRRC 5th Annual Methodological Conference, Tbilisi, 2017.
- ★ “The future of transparency and experimentation: new ideas and initiatives.” Trends behind the numbers: bridging policies and needs, Tbilisi, Georgia, January 2017.
- “Do Pre-Election Polls Changes Citizens’ Beliefs or Behavior? Evidence from a Laboratory Experiment in the Country of Georgia.” MPSA Annual Convention, Chicago, April 16-19, 2015.
- “Power of the Panopticon? How Leaders’ Images Affect Compliance.” MPSA Annual Convention, Chicago, April 16-19, 2015.
Teaching
Teaching & Mentorship
Courses Taught
Instructor
Undergraduate:
- Introduction to Quantitative Social Science [POLI 311] (McGill)
- The Politics of Misinformation [POLI 421] (McGill)
- The Politics of Information and Transparency in the Developing World [POLI 422] (McGill)
- Misinformation and Disinformation in the Developing World (honours seminar) [POLI 522] (McGill)
Graduate:
- Introduction to R [CS&SS 508] (UW)
- Quantitative Research I [POLI 618] (McGill)
- Causal Inference - Quantitative Research II [POLI 666] (McGill)
Graduate Student Instructor
Undergraduate:
- Introduction to Comparative Politics (×3) [POL S 204] (UW)
- Case-Based Social Statistics [STAT 321] (UW)
- Religion and World Politics [POL S 307] (UW)
- American Politics [POL S 202] (UW)
Graduate:
- Advances in Content Analysis Methods [POL S 559] (UW)
- Maximum Likelihood Estimation (×2) [CS&SS/POL S 510] (UW)
Mentorship
Mentorship
Ph.D. in Political Science (year of graduation)
| Year | Name | Roles | Placement |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2025 | Maxime Blanchard | Dissertation Committee | IRCC Canada |
| 2024 | Aengus Bridgman | Co-author, Lab Member, Dissertation Committee | Assistant Prof (Research), McGill University |
| 2023 | Mathieu Lavigne | Co-author, Dissertation Committee | Post-Doc, Dartmouth College |
| 2022 | Costin Ciobanu | Co-author, Lab Member, Dissertation Committee | Post-Doc, Royal Holloway University; Post-doc, University of Aarhus |
| TBD | Qinggang Li | Co-Supervisor |
M.A. in Political Science (year of graduation)
| Year | Name | Roles | Placement |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2025 | Rafael Campos-Gottardo | Supervisor, Lab member, Co-author | |
| 2024 | Pratik Mahajan | Co-Supervisor | |
| 2023 | Christopher Ross | Supervisor | The Media Ecosystem Observatory |
| 2022 | Dilse Kaygisiz | Supervisor, Lab Member | Data Sciences |
| 2021 | Henry Atkins | Supervisor, Lab Member | |
| 2020 | Annie Chen | Supervisor, Lab Member, Co-author | Bright Line Watch |
| 2020 | Etienne Gagnon | Supervisor, Lab Manager | |
| 2019 | Andrew McCormack | Co-Author, Research Assistant, Lab Member | Data Sciences |
| 2019 | Saewon Park | Supervisor, Research Assistant, Lab Manager, Co-author | TrackTik; The Media Ecosystem Observatory |
| TBD | Luis Alvarez | Supervisor | |
| TBD | Katerina McMullen | Supervisor, Lab member | |
| TBD | Aung (Koye) Myat | Supervisor | |
| TBD | Aiden McIlvaney | Supervisor |
Undergraduate (year of graduation)
| Year | Name | Roles |
|---|---|---|
| 2019 | Lucie Goulard | Independent Study Supervisor (POLI 599) |
| 2019 | Tim Roy | Research Assistant, Lab Member, Independent Research Supervisor (POLI 490) |
| 2018 | Henry McKenzie | Honour’s Thesis Supervisor (POLI 499) |
| 2017 | Aidan McLaughlin | Internship Independent Study Supervisor (POLI 599) |
| 2017 | Marie Lemieux | Internship Independent Study Supervisor (POLI 599) |
Relevant Professional Experience
Relevant Professional Experience
Consultant — 2010-2024
- Provided strategic design and implementation consultancy for over one million dollars of applied political public opinion and focus group work. Wrote analytic reports.
Senior Program Officer, Research and Data Analysis — 2010
- Ran NDI’s USAID program to implement the first polling station level digitalized maps in Africa.
- Initiated and oversaw NDI’s Norwegian-funded qualitative and quantitative research program to investigate Kenyan citizens’ attitudes towards the electoral process.
CRRC Deputy Director for Projects — 2006-2010
- Directed and helped implement CRRC assessments and evaluations, including supervision of USAID funded migration assessment in Armenia and a multiyear assessment of Millennium Challenge Corporation’s (MCC) efficacy in economic development in Georgia.
- Coordinated CRRC Data Initiative (the largest cross-border survey in the Caucasus) and other survey and focus group activities, including questionnaire development, focus group guide development, questionnaire translation, expert meetings and report write-ups.
- Ran a 600,000 dollar election-related research program in cooperation with NDI.
Skills
Skills
Statistical Packages: Stata, SPSS
Computer Languages: R, Python, bash and Unix shell scripts
Computer Applications: emacs, qGIS, ArcGIS, CSPro, LaTeX, Inquisit Millisecond
Languages: Proficient in Spanish; Research skills in French, Georgian, German, Russian; Rusty in Slovak; Elementary Turkish, Swahili
Field Research
Field Research
- Armenia, 2006–2010
- Azerbaijan, 2006–2010
- Georgia, 2006–2010, 2014–15
- Kenya, 2010–2015
- Montenegro, 2025
- South Africa, 2014
- Ukraine, 2014, 2015, 2018, 2019
- United Arab Emirates, 2015
Professional Service
Professional Service
Departmental Service
2025-26 — CERC Chair Search Committee; Graduate Program/Admissions Committee; ad-hoc Committee on AI-related Issues; Methods Field Co-chair
2023-24 — Placement Director
2022-23 — Equity Committee; Dean’s Rep - Economics Department Job Search
2021-22 — Methods Stream Coordinator; Graduate Program/Admissions Committee
2020-21 — Methods Stream Coordinator
2019-20 — Honours and Joint Honours Undergraduate Advisor; Cyclical Review Undergraduate Committee; Quantitative Methods Coordinator
2018-19 — Undergraduate Advisor; Comparative Behaviour Search Committee; Quantitative Methods Coordinator
2017-18 — Comparative Behaviour Search Committee; Quantitative Methods Coordinator
University Service
Founder of R, Math and Replicable Summer Workshops Program, now housed in the Computational and Data Systems Initiative (CDSI)
2025-26 — Arts Curriculum Committee; Geographic Information Centre (GIC) Oversight Committee
2023-24 — Pro-dean Psychology; Geographic Information Centre (GIC) Oversight Committee
2022-23 — Geographic Information Centre (GIC) Oversight Committee; Tomlinson Doctoral Fellowship Review Committee; Co-director R, Math and Replicable Summer Workshops
2021-22 — B.A.& Sc. Program Administration Committee; Geographic Information Centre (GIC) Oversight Committee; Co-director R, Math and Replicable Summer Workshops
2020-21 — B.A.& Sc. Program Administration Committee; Geographic Information Centre (GIC) Oversight Committee; Co-director R, Math and Replicable Summer Workshops; Speaker for SSHRC IDG Panel for McGill Faculty
2019-20 — B.A.&Sc. Program Administration Committee; Geographic Information Centre (GIC) Oversight Committee; Co-director R, Math and Replicable Summer Workshops; Vanier Canada Doctoral Scholarship Review Committee
2018-19 — Co-director R, Math and Replicable Summer Workshops
2017-18 — Co-director R, Math and Replicable Summer Workshops
Profession
2025-26 — APSA Chair, Discussant
2024-25 — ASN Discussant; MPSA Chair, Discussant
2023-24 — ASN Discussant; MPSA Discussant
2022-23 — SSHRC Insight Development Grant (IDG) Review; APSA Discussant
2021-22 — SSHRC IDG Review Committee; Co-organizer Montreal Methods Talk Series; International Advisory Board Member ESRC (UK) Grant ‘Shadows of The Gulag’; MPSA Discussant
2020-21 — CRRC NFRF Review Committee; CSDC Conference Committee; International Advisory Board Member ESRC (UK) Grant ‘Shadows of The Gulag’
2019-20 — SPSA Discussant, Chair; SSHRC IDG Review Committee; CSDC Conference Committee; International Advisory Board Member ESRC (UK) Grant ‘Shadows of The Gulag’
2018-19 — SPSA Discussant, Chair; MPSA Discussant; ASN Chair; External Jury Member David Wutchiett (Sociology UdeM); CIPPS Works in Progress Discussant; International Advisory Board Member ESRC (UK) Grant ‘Shadows of The Gulag’
2017-18 — APSA Discussant, Chair; International Advisory Board Member ESRC (UK) Grant ‘Shadows of The Gulag’
2016-17 — MPSA Discussant, Chair
Journal & Press Peer Review
African Affairs, American Journal of Political Science, American Political Science Review, Big Data & Society, British Journal of Political Science, Canadian Journal of Political Science, Cambridge University Press, Comparative Political Studies, Contemporary Politics, Cooperation & Conflict, Democratization, East European Politics, East/West: Journal of Ukrainian Studies, Electoral Studies, Europe-Asia Studies, European Journal of Political Research, European Political Science, European Political Science Review, European Union Politics, Foreign Policy Analysis, Government & Opposition, International Journal of Communication, International Journal of Health Policy and Management, International Journal of Press/Politics, International Journal of Public Opinion Research, International Political Science Review, Journal of East Asian Studies, Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Journal of Experimental Political Science, Journal of Institutional Economics, Journal of International Relations and Development, Journal of Law and Courts, Journal of Modern African Studies, Journal of Politics, Journal of Public Administration Research & Theory, Journal of Slavic Military Studies, Media, War & Conflict, Oñati Socio-Legal Series, Perspectives on Politics, PNAS Nexus, Policy Studies, Post-Soviet Affairs, Political Analysis, Public Management Review, Mass Communication & Society, Political Communication, Political Science Research & Methods, Political Psychology, Political Research Quarterly, Public Administration Review, Public Opinion Quarterly, Regulation & Governance, Research & Politics, SAGE Open, Sociological Methods & Research, Telematics & Informatics, World Development
Grant Review
Agencia Nacional de Investigación e Innovación (Uruguay), Austrian Academy of Sciences (OeAW), European Research Council (ERC), Mitacs, Social Science and Humanities Research Council (SSHRC), New Frontiers in Research Fund (NFRF)
Government Agency Review
Japanese International Cooperation Agency Research Institute (JICA-RI)
Other Service
Other Service
Volunteer
- Open North, 2017-2021 — Advisor to applied research lab scientists
- Software Carpentry, 2013- — Teach computational skills to scientists
- Transparify, 2013-2016 — Perform statistical analysis for NGO that promotes financial transparency amongst NGOs
International Election Observer
Ukrainian 2019 Parliamentary Elections; South African 2014 General Elections; Georgian 2008 Presidential Elections; 2008 Ach’aran Supreme Council Elections